Welcome to the Internet

Good evening I would like to welcome you all here this evening to our symposium on "Then & Now the Evolution of a society"

Things Have Changed dramatically since the 1920's

This Panel of researchers that you see before you are here to talk to you about the events and issues from the past 75 years that have led up society as we know it today.

starting from left to right I would like to Introduce this panel to you
first we have Lori who is an expert in the political arena and she will touch on a few issues on how politics itself has not really changed but how the politicians get there message across has

Next to her we have Yolanda who is an expert on African American leaders and the profound effect they have made in the Last 75 years.

Next in the Panel is Peggy she is here to talk about the role of women in society and the role that they have played in the formation of the world as we know it today.

***we all would not be here today if education didn't play a role in the evolution of society and here to talk to you about the evolution of education is Jaime.

Later on this evening I will be speaking about the role that technology has dramatically impacted the world as we know it and my Name is Matthew

And finally our last researcher is Christine and she will discuss the influence of music on this evolution of society

from then until now an evolution of society.

I will bring each of the speakers up to make a brief statement of there research and then after they have finished we will open the floor for questions

Again Welcome here this evening

I would like now to bring up our first expert Lori

video card

Introduction
People are living in a three-dimensional space. They know what is up, down, left, right, close and far. They know when something is getting closer or moving away. However, the traditional personal computers can only make use of two dimensional space due to relatively low technology level of the video card in the past. As the new technology has been introduced to the video card industry in recent years, the video card can now render 3D graphics. Most of the PC computer games nowadays are in three dimensions. In addition, some web sites also apply the use of three dimensional space. This means that they are no longer a flat homepage, but instead a virtual world. With that added dimension, they all look more realistic and attractive. Nevertheless, 3D do not exist in most of the business programs today, but it can be forecasted that it is not far away.
Many new kinds of video cards have been introduced to the market recently. In the past, the video card could only deliver two dimensional graphics which were only in low resolution. However, there has now emerged as a result of high resolution three dimensional graphics technology. This paper will discuss why the video card nowadays can process high resolution three dimensional graphics, but why the video card in the past could only process low resolution two dimensional graphics. The explanation will be based on some recently developed video cards such like Matrox Millenium. This paper will also discuss how the 3D graphic displays on a 2D monitor. Lastly, the video card, Matrox Millennium, will also be discussed.
Basic principles

In order to understand the recent development of the video card, let's take a look on how a video card works.
The video card is a circuit, which is responsible for processing the special video data from the central processing unit (CPU) into a format that the visual display unit (VDU) or monitor can understand, to form a picture on the screen. The Video Chipset, the Video Memory ( Video RAM ) and the Digital Analog Converter ( RAM DAC ) are the major parts of a video card.
After the special video data leaves the CPU, it has to pass through four major steps inside the video card before it reaches the VDU finally. First, the special video data will transfer from the CPU to the Video Chipset, which is the part responsible for processing the special video data, through the bus. Secondly, the data will transfer from the Video Chipset to the Video Memory which stores the image displayed on a bitmap display. Then, the data will transfer to the RAM DAC which is responsible for reading the image and converting the image from digital data to analog data. It should be noted that every data transfer inside the computer system is digital. Lastly, the analog data will transfer from the RAM DAC to the VDU through a cable connected between them outside the computer system.


The performance of a video card is mainly dependent upon its speed, the amount and quality of the Video Memory, the Video Chipset and the RAM DAC.
The faster the speed, the higher the picture quality and resolution the video card can deliver. This is due to the fact that the picture on the VDU has to change continuously, and this change must be made as fast as possible in order to display a high quality and realistic image. In the process of transferring data from the CPU to the Video Chipset, the speed is mainly dependent upon the type and speed of the bus, the mainboard and its chipset.
The amount of the Video Memory is also responsible for the color and screen resolution. The higher the amount of the Video Memory, the higher the color depth the video card can render. On the other hand, the type of the Video RAM is an another factor that affects the speed of the video card.
The Video Chipset is the brain of a video card. It similar to the CPU in the motherboard. However, unlike the CPU which can be fitted with different motherboards, certain Video Chipsets can only be fitted with certain video cards. The Video Chipset is responsible for processing the special video data received from the CPU. Thus, it determines all the performance aspects of the video card.
The RAM DAC is the part responsible for the refresh rates of the monitor. The quality of the RAM DAC and its maximum pixel frequency, which is measured in MHz, are the factors affecting the refresh rates. In fact, a 220 MHz RAM DAC is not necessarily but most likely better than a 135 MHz one.

Recent developments
Traditionally, the personal computer can only deliver two dimensional pictures. However, as people want to increase their living standards, they want the picture on their personal computer be more realistic and attractive. Thus, the display of three dimensional pictures in the personal computer is being developed. The rendering of the 3D image requires the computer to update the screen of the VDU at least 15 times per second as the one navigate through it, and each of the objects have to go through the transformation in depth space which is known as the z-axis, and is on the coordinate of the x-y plane. Nevertheless, the video card in the past was not "powerful" enough to render the three dimensional graphics. The introduction of some new kind of video cards in recent years has solved this problem, and are able to render 3D graphics now.
In the past, the video card could only deliver two dimensional graphics because the technology at that time limited what they can do. One of the problems is that the speed of the transfer of data from the CPU to the Video Chipset was relatively low, but it is actually not the problem associated with the video card. It is associated with the type of the CPU, the bus and the motherboard in the computer system. On the other hand, the biggest problem is actually the quality of Video RAM. The Video RAM is the part in a video card which is situated between two very busy devices, the Video Chipset and the RAM DAC; and the Video RAM has to serve both of them all the time. Whenever the screen has to change, the Video Chipset has to change the content in the Video Memory. On the other hand, the RAM DAC has to read the data from the Video Memory continuously. This means that when the Video Memory is reading the data from the Video Chipset, the RAM DAC has to wait aside. Whenever the video card has to render three dimensional graphics, the screen has to change at least 15 times per second which means that more data has to be transferred from the Video Chipset to the Video Memory, and the data has to be read faster by the RAM DAC. However, the video card, or referred to as the Video Memory, at that time did not have such technology to achieve this kind of process. Thus, the video card in the past was not able to deliver three dimensional graphics.
In recent years, the video card manufacturer has developed some high technology to solve the problem of the poor Video Memory. They have found three different ways to deal with this problem which involves using a higher quality of Video Memory, increasing the video memory bus size, and increasing the clock speed of the video card.

1 ) Dual ported Video RAM
The major step is to make the Video RAM dual ported. This means that when data is transferred from the Video Chipset to the Video Memory via one port, the RAM DAC can read the data from the Video Memory through an independent second port. Thus, these two processes can occur at the same time. Both the Video Chipset and the RAM DAC need not wait for each other anymore. This kind of RAM is called VRAM. Of course, the technology applied is not just double the port in the RAM; it is actually very complicated. Thus, VRAM is more expensive than the normal one.
The invention of the VRAM can offer a higher refresh rate and higher color depth of the graphic on the monitor. The high refresh rate means that the RAM DAC will send a complete picture to the monitor more frequently. Therefore, the RAM DAC has to read the data from the Video Memory more often. However, when the video card in the past, which without the VRAM, wants to achieve this high refresh rate, it has to lower the video performance as the Video Memory cannot afford this kind of heavy work load. As to maintain the high refresh rate and high video performance at the same time, the VRAM has to be used since this kind of RAM can serve the Video Chipset and the RAM DAC at the same time. Thus, the video card need not reduce the video performance when a higher refresh rate occurs. On the other hand, to archive the high color depth, the Video Memory has to read more data from the Video Chipset per time, and thus more data will be sent to the RAM DAC . This process will surely take a longer time. At an 8 bit color resolution ( 256 color ), a 1024 ´ 768 screen needs 786432 bytes of data to be read by RAM DAC from the Video Memory. For the same screen, a 24 bit color resolution ( 16777216 color) needs 2359296 bytes of data to be read by the RAM DAC. For similar reasons, if the video card in the past wants to archive this kind of high color depth, it has to lower the refresh rate. This problem can also be solved by the use of the VRAM. In short, the new video card with VRAM can provide a high refresh rate and high color depth at the same time. Thus, the render of three dimensional graphics is possible now.
The WRAM is used in the Martox card instead of the VRAM. The WRAM is developed by the Martox company. It is such like the VRAM which is dual ported. However, the WRAM is designed smarter than the VRAM, so it is faster. Ironically, the WRAM is even cheaper than the VRAM.
Lastly, there are many different types of the Video RAM such as DRAM (Dynamic RAM), EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM), SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM), SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM), MDRAM (Multibank DRAM), and RDRAM (RAMBUS DRAM). Unlike the VRAM and WRAM, they are all single ported and so are slower. The DRAM is the slowest one amongst all of them.
2 ) Increase video memory bus size
Three years ago, the release of the 32 bit video card amazed people all over the world. However, the 64 bit video card is being introduced nowadays, which has a 64 bit video memory bus inside it. In addition, the 128 bit video card is also available. The video memory bus is a path which links the Video Chipset, the Video RAM and the RAM DAC together. With the 64 bit video memory bus, 8 bytes of data can be transferred in one clock cycle while 4 bytes data with 32 bit video memory bus. Thus, the amount of data transfer is doubled with the use of the 64 bit video card. It is important to notice that a 1 MB Video RAM usually has only a 32 bit data bus. Thus, a 64 bit video card should always work with at least 2MB Video RAM; otherwise, this 64 bit video card will not be able to use its 64 bit data path. All in all, with the use of a 64 bit video card, more data can be transferred at one time. Thus, it actually can shorten the time to transfer data from the Video Chipset to the Video RAM or from the Video RAM to the RAM DAC. This means that a higher color resolution graphic can be rendered.
3 ) Increase the clock speed
The third one is the most obvious one which just increases the clock speed of the Video Chipset and the Video RAM. Of course, the technology to increase the clock speed is very complicated. The fastest Video Chipset so far is the ET 6000 chipset which can run at 100 MHz, while the fastest video memory is SDRAM which can run at clock speed up to 125 MHz. The SDRAM is a special graphic version of SDRAM ( synchronous DRAM ).
It is not just the job of the video card to archive high resolution three dimensional graphics. The video card has to work with a good computer system. To recall the speed of the transfer of the data from the CPU to the Video Chipset is mainly dependent upon the bus type, the mainboard and its chipset. Thus, a good computer system to perform good graphics should have a PCI bus which runs at 33MHz with Pentium processor, a Pentium processor with MMX technology, and a good mainboard such as Intel 430 HX chipset which will affect the PCI performance.

3D graphics on 2D monitor
Although the video card can render 3D graphics now, the monitor that the graphic displays on is still flat two dimensions. Thus, the three dimensional graphic has to be mapped to the 2D screen. This is done using perspective algorithms. This means that if an object is farther away, it will appear smaller; if it is closer, it will appear larger.
To display 3D animations, an object is first presented as a set of vertices in a three dimensional coordinates which is x, y, z axes. The vertices of the object is then stored in the Video RAM. Afterwards, the object has to be rendered. Rendering is a process, which referred to calculate the different color and position information, which will make the user believe that there is a 3D graphic on a flat 2D screen. To make the calculation more efficiently, the vertices of the object are segmented into triangles. Rendering also fills in all of the points on the surface of the object which were only saved as a set of vertices previously. In this way, an object with 3D effect is able to display on a flat 2D monitor.

A new video card - Matrox Millennium
Lastly, let's discuss some new features of a new video card - Matrox Millennium. Matrox Millennium is a 64-bit video card. It can be work with 2MB or 4MB or even 8MB video RAM. The video RAM are the Matrox company authorized WRAM. It also has a powerful 220 MHz RAMDAC. Actually, it is the fastest video card available in the market now. However, according to its extreme high speed, the graphics quality is relatively lower when compared to other video cards.

The following is a summary of the new 3D features of the Matrox Millennium:

Texture mapping :
This applies bitmapped texture images which are stored in memory to objects in the screen so as to add realism.
Bilinear and trilinear filtering :
They smooth textures in a scene to lessen the blocky effect. With MIP ( multim in parvum ) mapping, an application provides different resolutions of an object as they move closer or further in the screen.
Perspective correction :
This rotates the texture bitmaps to give a better sense of convergence. Thus, when the video card renders a continuous moving object such as a meadow, it is able to maintain a realistic look as it recedes from the viewer.
Anti - aliasing :
This diminishes the "stair step" effect since the computer generated image has a finite discrete resolution.
Alpha blending :
This allows one object to show through another to create a transparent look.
Atmospheric effects :
This usually make use of the alpha blending. The effects are like fog and lighting cues.
Flat shading :
This is a technique where an whole triangle is a single color. Thus, this can create a blocky effect.
Gouraud shading :
This is a more advance method than the flat shading. It improves the overall appearance of the graphics and allows curves to be more round.
Z-buffering :
This techniques is one of the most important features to render 3D graphics. This controls how objects overlay one another in the third dimension. It is particularly important when filled polygons are included in the drawing. With Z buffering off, objects are drawn in the order in which they are transmitted to the display. With Z buffering on, objects are drawn from the back to the front.

Matrox Millennium can also playback a movie with the use of Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). With this technology, the video card can compress the movie data into a special format. With the Chroma-key feature, the video card also supports for "blue-screen" video effects, so that two unrelated displays can easily be pasted together. Moreover, if the video card has the Image scaling feature, it can map a video onto any window or screen size desired.
References

Magazine
· PC Magazine - December 3, 1996, Vol. 15, NO. 21

Internet
· http://www.dimension3d.com
· http://wfn-shop.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/foldoc
· http://www-sld.slac.stanford.edu/HELP/@DUCSIDA:IDAHELP/DSP/INTERACTIVE/
· http://www.ozemail.com.au/~slennox/hardware/video.htm#memory
· http://www.imaginative.com/VResources/vr_artic/marcb_ar/3dcards/3dcards.html
· http://www.atitech.com
· http://www.matrox.com
· http://www.diamondmm.com
· http://www.tseng.com
· http://www.s3.com

X Hacking56

NEW CORDLESS TELEPHONE FREQUENCY LISTINGS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CHANNEL BASE PORTABLE TELEPHONE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~
1 46.610 49.670
2 46.630 49.845*
3 46.670 49.860*
4 46.710 49.770
5 46.730 49.875*
6 46.770 49.830*
7 46.830 49.890*
8 46.870 49.930
9 46.930 49.990
10 46.970 49.970


Some of the older cordless phones using the frequencies marked by the <*>
asterisk are paired with frequencies around 1.7 MHz. Listening to the 1.7 MHz
side will yield both sides of the conversation.
The best frequencies to monitor are the 46 MHz as they will repeat both sides
of the conversation. Power output of both base and hand units are less than
100 Mw or 1/10 watt so the range is limited. Careful monitoring will produce
some outstanding results. It is not uncommon to hear conversations up to a
mile away.

The Antitrust Case Against Microsoft

The Anti-Trust Case Against Microsoft
Since 1990, a battle has raged in United States courts between the United States
government and the Microsoft Corporation out of Redmond, Washington, headed by Bill
Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft's
monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and
potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while
Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing
good business.
Microsoft's antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990(Check
1), when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations
of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts,(Maldoom 1) which are designed to stop the
formation of monopolies. The investigation continued on for the next three years without
resolve, until Novell, maker of DR-DOS, a competitor of Microsoft's MS-DOS, filed a
complaint with the Competition Directorate of the European Commission in June of 1993.
(Maldoom 1) Doing this stalled the investigations even more, until finally in August of
1993, (Check 1)the Federal Trade Commission decided to hand the case over to the
Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K.
Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the DOJ, leading the way.(Check 1) The case
was finally ended on July 15, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement.(Check 1)
The settlement focused on Microsoft's selling practices with computer
manufacturers. Up until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsoft's other
operating systems to original equipment manufacturers (OEM's) at a 60% discount if that
OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold
(Check 2) regardless if it had a Microsoft operating system installed on it or not. After the
settlement, Microsoft would be forced to sell their operating systems according to the
number of computers shipped with a Microsoft operating system installed, and not for
computers that ran other operating systems. (Check 2)
Another practice that the Justice Department accused Microsoft of was that
Microsoft would specify a minimum number of minimum number of operating systems
that the retailer had to buy, thus eliminating any chance for another operating system
vendor to get their system installed until the retailer had installed all of the Microsoft
operating systems that it had installed.(Maldoom 2)
In addition to specifying a minimum number of operating systems that a vendor
had to buy, Microsoft also would sign contracts with the vendors for long periods of time
such as two or three years. In order for a new operating system to gain popularity, it
would have to do so quickly, in order to show potential buyers that it was worth
something. With Microsoft signing long term contracts, they eliminated the chance for a
new operating system to gain the popularity needed, quickly.(Maldoom 2)
Probably the second most controversial issue, besides the per processor agreement,
was Microsoft's practice of tying. Tying was a practice in which Microsoft would use their
leverage in one market area, such as graphical user interfaces, to gain leverage in another
market, such as operating systems, where they may have competition.(Maldoom 2) In the
preceding example, Microsoft would use their graphical user interface, Windows, to sell
their operating system, DOS, by offering discounts to manufacturers that purchased both
MS-DOS and Windows, and threatening to not sell Windows to companies who did not
also purchase DOS.
In the end, Microsoft decided to suck it up and sign the settlement agreement. In
signing the agreement, Microsoft did not actually have to admit to any of the alleged
charges, but were able to escape any type of formal punishment such as fines and the like.
The settlement that Microsoft agreed to prohibits it, for the next six and a half years from:
-Charging for its operating system on the basis of computer shipped rather than on
copies of MS-DOS shipped;
-Imposing minimum quantity commitments on manufacturers;
-Signing contracts for greater than one year;
-Tying the sale of MS_DOS to the sale of other Microsoft products;(Maldoom 1)
Although these penalties look to put an end to all of Microsoft's evil practices, some
people think that they are not harsh enough and that Microsoft should have been split up
to put a stop to any chance of them forming a true monopoly of the operating system
market and of the entire software market.
On one side of the issue, there are the people who feel that Microsoft should be
left alone, at least for the time being. I am one of these people, feeling that Microsoft does
more good than bad, thus not necessitating their breakup. I feel this way for many reasons,
and until Microsoft does something terribly wrong or illegal, my opinion will stay this way.
First and foremost, Microsoft sets standards for the rest of the industry to follow.
Jesse Berst, editorial director of Windows Watcher newsletter out of Redmond,
Washington, and the executive director of the Windows Solutions Conference, says it best
with this statement: "To use a railroad analogy, Microsoft builds the tracks on which the
rest of the industry ships its products." ("Why Microsoft (Mostly) Shouldn't Be Stopped."
4) With Microsoft creating the standards for the rest of the computer industry, they are
able to create better standards and build them much faster than if an outside organization
or committee were to create them. With these standards set, other companies are able to
create their applications and other products that much faster, and better, and thus the
customers receive that much better of a product.
Take for instance the current effort to develop the Digital Video Disc (DVD)
standard. DVD's are compact discs that are capable of storing 4900 megabytes of
information as apposed to the 650 megabytes that can be stored on a CD-ROM disc now.
For this reason, DVD's have enormous possibilities in both the computer industry and in
the movie industry. For about the last year, companies such as Sony, Mitsubishi, and other
prominent electronics manufacturers have been trying to decide on a set of standards for
the DVD format. Unfortunately, these standards meetings have gone nowhere, and
subsequently, many of the companies have broken off in different directions, trying to
develop their own standards. In the end, there won't be one, definite standard, but instead,
many standards, all of which are very different from one another. Consumers will be
forced to make a decision on which standard to choose, and if they pick the wrong one,
they could be stuck down the road with a DVD player that is worthless. Had only one
company set the standards, much like Microsoft has in the software business, there
wouldn't be the confusion that arose, and the consumers could sit back and relax, knowing
that the DVD format is secure and won't be changed.
Another conclusion that many anti-Microsoft people and other people around the
world jump to is that the moment that we have a company, such as Microsoft, who is very
successful, they immediately think that there must be something wrong; they have to be
doing something illegal or immoral to have become this immense. This is not the case.
Contrary to popular belief, Microsoft has not gained its enormous popularity through
monopolistic and illegal measures, but instead through superior products. I feel that
people do have brains, and therefore have the capacity to make rational decisions based on
what they think is right. If people didn't like the Microsoft operating systems, there are
about a hundred other choices for operating systems, all of which have the ability to
replace Microsoft if the people wanted them. But they don't, the people for the most part
want Microsoft operating systems. For this reason, I don't take the excuse that Microsoft
has gained their popularity through illegal measures. They simply created products that the
people liked, and the people bought them.
On the other side of the issue, are the people who believe that Microsoft is indeed
operating in a monopolistic manner and therefore, the government should intervene and
split Microsoft up. Those who are under the assumption that Microsoft should indeed be
split up, believe that they should either be split into two separate companies: one dealing
with operating systems and the other dealing strictly with applications. The other group
believes that the government should further split Microsoft up into three divisions: one
company to create operating systems, one company to create office applications, and one
company to create applications for the home. All of these people agree that Microsoft
should be split up, anyway possible.
The first thing that proponents of Microsoft being split up argue that although
Microsoft has created all kinds of standards for the computer software industry, in today's
world, we don't necessarily need standards. Competing technologies can coexist in today's
society, without the need for standards set by an external body or by a lone company such
as Microsoft. A good analogy for this position is given in the paper, "A Case Against
Microsoft: Myth Number 4." In this article, the author states that people who think that
we need such standards, give the example of the home video cassette industry of the late
1970's. He says that these people point out that in the battle between the VHS and Beta
video formats, VHS won not because it was a superior product, but because it was more
successfully marketed. He then goes to point out that buying an operating system for a
computer is nothing at all like purchasing a VCR, because the operating system of a
computer defines that computer's personality, whereas a VCR's only function is to play
movies, and both VHS and Beta do the job equally.
Also, with the development of camcorders, there have been the introduction of
many new formats for video tapes that are all being used at once. VHS-C, S-VHS and
8mm formats all are coexisting together in the camcorder market, showing that maybe in
our society today, we are not in need of one standard. Maybe we can get along just as well
with more than one standard. Along the same lines, there are quite a few other industries
that can get along without one standard. Take for instance the automobile industry. If you
accepted the idea that one standard was best for everyone involved, then you would never
be tempted to purchase a BMW, Lexus, Infiniti, Saab or Porsche automobile, due to the
fact that these cars all have less than one percent market share in the automobile industry
and therefore will never be standards.
Probably the biggest proponent of government intervention into the Microsoft
issue is Netscape Communications, based out of Mountain View, California. Netscape has
filed law suits accusing Microsoft of tying again.("Netscape's Complaint against
MicroSoft." 2) This time, Microsoft is bundling their world wide web browser, Internet
Explorer 3.0 into their operating system, Windows 95. Netscape is the maker of Netscape
Navigator, currently the most widely used internet browser on the market, and now,
facing some fierce competition from Microsoft's Internet Explorer. Netscape says that in
addition to bundling the browser, Microsoft was offering Windows at a discount to
original equipment manufacturers (OEM's),("Netscape's Complaint against MicroSoft." 2)
to feature Internet Explorer on the desktop of the computers that they shipped, thus
eliminating any competition for space on the desktop by rival companies such as Netscape.
If the OEM wants to give the consumer a fair and even choice of browsers by placing
competitors' browser icons in a comparable place on the desktop, Netscape has been
informed that the OEM must pay $3 more for Windows 95 than an OEM that takes the
Windows bundle as is and agrees to make the competitors' browsers far less accessible and
useful to customers.("Netscape's Complaint against MicroSoft." 2) Another accusation
that Netscape is making against Microsoft is that they are doing the same type of things
with the large internet service providers of the nation. They are offering the large internet
providers of the nation, such as Netcom and AT&T, space on the Windows 95 desktop, in
return for the internet provider's consent that they will not offer Netscape Navigator, or
any other competing internet software to their customers.("Netscape's Complaint against
MicroSoft." 3)
Netscape is becoming ever more concerned with Microsoft's practices, because for
now, they are going untouched by the government and it looks as if it will stay that way
for quite some time now. The are very much worried, as they watch the numbers of users
switching to Microsoft's browser, and the number of users using Navigator slipping.
Besides all of the accusations of monopolistic actions Netscape lay down on them,
Microsoft does seem to have one advantage when it comes to the browser wars. Their
new browser, version 3.0, matches Netscape's feature for feature, with one added plus: it
is free and Microsoft says that it always free. So is their internet server, Internet
Information Server. Whereas Netscape charges $50 and $1500 for their browser and their
web server, respectively.("Netscape's Complaint against MicroSoft." 3)
With all the information that has been presented for both sides of the issue, you are
probably left in a daze, not knowing what to think. Is Microsoft good? Or is Microsoft
bad? Well, the answer is a little bit of both. Even though the Justice Department found
that Microsoft might be practicing some techniques that are less than ethical, they did not
find that Microsoft was breaking any anti-trust laws, nor did Microsoft actually admit to
the accusations when they signed the agreement. If anything, them signing the agreement
was more of a sorry than an full fledged admission of guilt. Other people might disagree
with me, and there might be a lot of allegations floating around from different companies,
but the fact of the matter is plain and simple. Microsoft has not been formerly charged and
found guilty of any illegal practices pertaining to them being a monopoly.
I believe that the government should stay out of the affairs of the economy, rather
than get tangled up in a mess, and just end up deadlocked like the FTC did in 1990. And
even if the government did get involved, due to the extremely fast paced nature of the
computer industry, and the extremely slow nature of the government, there may not be
any resolve for quite a while.

Technology Advances

My report is on Computer Games and the advancements in technology. I am very intersted in this field because of the rapid change in out society that pretty much requires a person to own a computer.
Whenever there is work, there must be pleasure; thus resulting in computer games. In the beginning there were games like "Pong", single pixel tennis. On each end of the screen there were two bars and the object was to hit a square pixel back and forth in an attempt to score.
These types of games were good, but as technology advanced , graphics and sound were in demand. From the ATARI came NINTENDO ( I am skipping a few minute advances in technology like the ODDESY) Then Nintendo, which dominated the market at the time, soon had competition with SEGA. Both of these systems were 16 bit. Theses machines still weren't enough to satisfy consumers for a while so thay came out with the most significant change yet. The change from cartridges to CD's.
I believe the first one to use CD technology was 3DO. The 3DO was now the item on evey childs mind. The 3DO featured stunning 3D Graphics as well as the quality sound you recieved froom AUDIO CD's. The only reason this machine did not dominate the market was it's price tag, a whopping 300$. Alot to pay for your childs (or husbands) entertainment.
The only prblem I find with sytems like the SEGA, NINTENDO, and 3DO is the lack of variety. When PC's became sensible in the home there was really no comparison exept in the price. 2,000$ for a PC or 300$ for a 3DO the difference is quite clear. I hope that this essay has been informative.

Computer Nerds

COMPUTER NERDS

A computer nerd is a person uses a computer in order to use one.

Steve Wozniak fell in love with computers and how they worked. He built the first computer, the Apple one. The Apple one formed the basis for the future of Apple Computer, Inc. Steve Wozniak also designed the Apple II, the first ready made computer and one of the most popular ever made. It was a complete computer with keyboard and power supply. After he retired from Apple, Steve returned to the University of California at Berkeley and got his bachelor's degree in Computer Science.
Steve Jobs was the co-founder of Apple Computers. At the age of 25 he was worth over 100 million dollars. He was fascinated by the effects of computers. He was also amazed that a computer could take your ideas and translate them into information. He and Wozniak created the printed circuit board for the Apple I computer.
Bill Gates started programing at the age of 13. When he was a student at Harvard University, he developed BASIC for the first microcomputer, the Altair. Gates believed that there would be a personal computer in every household. Gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft in 1975. Today Gates is a very important leader in Microsoft.
Paul Allen was also a co-founder of Microsoft. He bought a chip from a store and brought it back to Bill Gates and then they called their friends. They loaded BASIC into the computer and it worked by printing out the memory size. Paul left Microsoft in 1983 after an illness.

Bootlog in Standard Unix

[boot]
LoadStart = system.drv
LoadSuccess = system.drv
LoadStart = keyboard.drv
LoadSuccess = keyboard.drv
LoadStart = mscmouse.drv
LoadSuccess = mscmouse.drv
LoadStart = vga.drv
LoadSuccess = vga.drv
LoadStart = mmsound.drv
LoadSuccess = mmsound.drv
LoadStart = comm.drv
LoadSuccess = comm.drv
LoadStart = vgasys.fon
LoadSuccess = vgasys.fon
LoadStart = vgaoem.fon
LoadSuccess = vgaoem.fon
LoadStart = GDI.EXE
LoadStart = FONTS.FON
LoadSuccess = FONTS.FON
LoadStart = vgafix.fon
LoadSuccess = vgafix.fon
LoadStart = OEMFONTS.FON
LoadSuccess = OEMFONTS.FON
LoadSuccess = GDI.EXE
LoadStart = USER.EXE
INIT=Keyboard
INITDONE=Keyboard
INIT=Mouse
STATUS=Mouse driver installed
INITDONE=Mouse
INIT=Display
LoadStart = DISPLAY.drv
LoadSuccess = DISPLAY.drv
INITDONE=Display
INIT=Display Resources
INITDONE=Display Resources
INIT=Fonts
INITDONE=Fonts
INIT=Lang Driver
INITDONE=Lang Driver
LoadSuccess = USER.EXE
LoadStart = setup.exe
LoadStart = LZEXPAND.DLL
LoadSuccess = LZEXPAND.DLL
LoadStart = VER.DLL
LoadSuccess = VER.DLL
LoadSuccess = setup.exe
INIT=Final USER
INITDONE=Final USER
INIT=Installable Drivers
INITDONE=Installable Drivers

Beyaunt force

Buoyant Force

The purpose of this lab is to calculate bouyant forces of objects submerged in water.
The first step in the lab was to measure the mass of a metal cylinder, which was found to be 100g, and then to calculated it's weight, which was .98 newtons. Then next step was to measure the apparent weight of the cylinder when it is completely submerged in a bath of water using the formula Wa=ma*g , this was found to be 88.5grams. Knowing these two numbers, the bouyant force that the water places on the object can be calculated using the formula Fb=W-Wa , Wa=.8673n W=.98n Fb=.1127n
Part 2 of this lab consisted of weighing an empty cup, which was 44grams. And then filling another cup up to a certain point the if any more water was added, it would spill out of a little opening in the cup, the water spilled out could be caught in the first cup. This is done so that the water spilled out can be weighed and compared to a calculated weight of which the water should be. After filling the cup, the cylinder was put into the cup , allowing the water to spill out and be caught in the first cup. After the water had spilled out it was weighed, which was 8.3g, converted to kg was .0083g. The weight of this displaced water in Newtons was 0.081423n.
The percentage error with the buoyant force from step one was calculated using , this resulted, using .114 for Fb and .0813 for Wdisp, a 28.7% error.
After completing this lab, it has become more apparent as to how to calculate boyant forces and how that information can be used.







Buoyant Forces

William Henry Gates III

William Henry Gates III
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Microsoft Corporatio


William (Bill) H. Gates is chairman and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation, the leading provider, worldwide, of software for the personal computer. Microsoft had revenues of $8.6 billion for the fiscal year ending June 1996, and employs more than 20,000 people in 48 countries.

Background on Bill

Born on October 28, 1955, Gates and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William H. Gates II, is a Seattle attorney. Their late mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, University of Washington regent and chairwoman of United Way International.

Gates attended public elementary school and the private Lakeside School. There, he began his career in personal computer software, programming computers at age 13.

In 1973, Gates entered Harvard University as a freshman, where he lived down the hall from Steve Ballmer, now Microsoft's executive vice president for sales and support. While at Harvard, Gates developed the programming language BASIC for the first microcomputer -- the MITS Altair.

In his junior year, Gates dropped out of Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he had begun in 1975 with Paul Allen. Guided by a belief that the personal computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in every home, they began developing software for personal computers.

Gates' foresight and vision regarding personal computing have been central to the success of Microsoft and the software industry. Gates is actively involved in key management and strategic decisions at Microsoft, and plays an important role in the technical development of new products. A significant portion of his time is devoted to meeting with customers and staying in contact with Microsoft employees around the world through e-mail.

Under Gates' leadership, Microsoft's mission is to continually advance and improve software technology and to make it easier, more cost-effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. The company is committed to a long-term view, reflected in its investment of more than $2 billion on research and development in the current fiscal year.

As of December 12, 1996, Gates' Microsoft stock holdings totaled 282,217,980 shares, currently selling at $95.25, as of Feb. 20th, 1997.
Giving a rough estimate of total worth:$ 26,881,262,595

In 1995, Gates wrote The Road Ahead, his vision of where information technology will take society. Co-authored by Nathan Myhrvold, Microsoft's chief technology officer, and Peter Rinearson, The Road Ahead held the No. 1 spot on the New York Times' bestseller list for seven weeks. Published in the U.S. by Viking, the book was on the NYT list for a total of 18 weeks. Published in more than 20 countries, the book sold more than 400,000 copies in China alone. In 1996, while redeploying Microsoft around the Internet, Gates thoroughly revised The Road Ahead to reflect his view that interactive networks are a major milestone in human history. The paperback second edition has also become a bestseller. Gates is donating his proceeds from the book to a non-profit fund that supports teachers worldwide who are incorporating computers into their classrooms.

In addition to his passion for computers, Gates is interested in biotechnology. He sits on the board of the Icos Corporation and is a shareholder in Darwin Molecular, a subsidiary of British-based Chiroscience. He also founded Corbis Corporation, which is developing one of the largest resources of visual information in the world-a comprehensive digital archive of art and photography from public and private collections around the globe. Gates also has invested with cellular telephone pioneer Craig McCaw in Teledesic, a company that is working on an ambitious plan to launch hundreds of low-orbit satellites around the globe to provide worldwide two-way broadband telecommunications service.

In the decade since Microsoft has gone public, Gates has donated more than $270 million to charities, including $200 million to the William H. Gates Foundation. The focus of Gates' giving is in three areas: education, population issues and access to technology.

Gates was married on Jan. 1, 1994 to Melinda French Gates. They have one child, Jennifer Katharine Gates, born in 1996.



Times are changing fast. Three years ago, while President Bushs camp was mounting a direct-mail campaign unchanged from that of Reagan before him, the Clinton camp, host to a horde of so-called "computer whiz kids," all in their twenties, was developing a completely new set of election tactics, using personal computer networks and electronic mail, or "e-mail". Many of these twenty-some-odd-year-old mini-Clintons, who now occupy the White House, show up for work in sneakers, T-shirts, and jeans, and spend each day, from morn till night, tapping away at personal-computer keyboards. As I myself have often experienced of late, when you exchange business cards with an American you nearly always see, imprinted on the card along with the phone and fax numbers, an e-mail number, as well. When the person inquires, "What is your e-mail number?"and you reply, "I don't have one yet," you can catch the briefest glimmer in his eye, which seems to say, "A bit behind the times, aren't we?" The darling of this multimedia age is a man named Bill Gates. Won over by then Vice-Presidential candidate Gores promise to vigorously promote the "information superhighway," Gates, declaring himself a representative of Silicon Valley, donated a large amount of money to the Clinton campaign. The support of Bill Gates boosted the popularity of the Democratic Party. This year, Forbes Magazine's traditional annual list ranked this same Bill Gates, head of Microsoft Corp., as the worlds richest human being. Myths and legends about this youthful success story abound; he has already published an autobiography which, along with a critical biography of Gates, is being read by people all over the world. He is, in short, a super-famous man. Gates rear-echelon e-mail activities have been reprinted not only in America and Europe, but even, in translation, in Japanese newspapers. Gates has been known for some time as a political liberal and a strong supporter of the Democratic Party; lately, however, the word about town is that Gates and the Democratic Party have had a falling-out. The U.S. Department of Justice under the Clinton administration, citing doubts about the legality under U.S. antitrust laws of attempted buy-outs of other companies by Microsoft, has put such purchases on hold, causing them to fall through and, it is said, greatly angering Bill Gates.

Gates: "modern-day Rockefeller"


Gates, an object of admiration for most Americans as a "modern-day Rockefeller," is also, it seems, an object of envy who arouses fierce jealousy: charges are currently being brought against him for violation of antitrust laws. Simply put, the Justice Department, under the traditional notion that allowing software makers to merge with the company which makes their computer operating systems to form a single giant company is less desirable than keeping them separate, is moving to block Gates' path. Some 80% of the personal computers in the world today use the MS DOS or Windows operating systems both Microsoft products. If you purchase a piece of software, such as a word processor, and try to run it on your personal computer, you will be unable to run the program unless it is first able to connect with and operating system. Because of this judgment that it is best to keep separate that which ought to be consolidated, it is difficult to see how the Internet, or any other information network, can in future be integrated into a single, unified whole. The specter of an antitrust law born in the age of Standard Oil has risen once again to haunt us. As a rule, disputes such as this are amicably settled by lobbyists. Astoundingly, however, Bill Gates had not a single lobbyist in Washington. Absorbed in his work, it seems, he had neglected to devote any attention to lobbying activities. Then, too, his is such a new industry that it simply hadn't had time to hire lobbyists and launch a carefully planned program of lobbying activities. Thus it appears that Gates' split with the Democratic Party is a fair accomplishment.
"The Road Ahead"

In "The Road Ahead," a book-and-CD-ROM package, Gates "predicts the future for you" (as Newsweek's cover put it). And, surprise!, things look bright indeed to America's richest guy. The "information highway" -- Gates generally clips it to a plain "the highway" -- isn't here yet; the Internet is only a genetic precursor, according to Gates. But when "the highway" itself arrives at our doors, with its ubiquitous high-bandwidth digital video feeds, our lives will undergo a seismic change for the better.

This "World of Tomorrow" prognostication game is old enough hat that even Gates admits many of his predictions will soon look comical. The CD-ROM's video portrait of "the highway" circa 2004 -- a world of heavy makeup, bad Muzak and super-efficient cappuccino bars -- will make for good party entertainment a decade hence. So will its wide-eyed virtual-reality walk-through of the still-unfinished Gates mansion, the Hearst Castle of the '90s.

"The Road Ahead," like an AT&T ad, is built around a ritual repetition of the word "will." I used the CD-ROM's "full text search" function and, though it wouldn't tell me how many times "will" appears, it reported that the word turns up on just about every page.

You will use "the highway" to "shop, order food, contact fellow hobbyists, or publish information for others to use." You will select how, when and where you wish to receive your news and entertainment. You will benefit from lower prices and the elimination of middlemen that the network's "friction-free" marketplace allows. Your wallet PC will identify you at airport gates and highway tollbooths. Your children will tap a torrent of homework helpers.

As the CD-ROM narrator breathlessly puts it, "The information flow into your home will be incredible!" ("Get the mop, Martha!")

At some point, all these "wills" change in character from predictive to prescriptive, and Gates' friendly if cool tone acquires an undercurrent of coercion. The promise of "the highway," according to Gates, is that it will allow us all to control our destinies more fully. The not-so-well-buried subtext of "The Road Ahead," though, tells a different story -- of Gates' and Microsoft's desperate struggle to maintain control of the high-tech marketplace.

"The Road Ahead" won't satisfy readers curious for insights into Chairman Bill's psyche; it mostly has the bland, confident air of an annual report. But in its very first chapter -- next to a cute high-school picture of Gates and Paul Allen scrunched over an old teletype terminal -- Gates does give one clue to his mindset. He was attracted to computers as a kid, he explains, because "we could give this big machine orders and it would always obey."

It's easy to jump on a line like that and make Gates out as some kind of silicon-chip Nazi. But of course he's only being honest about the attraction computer science has always held for engineers, enthusiasts and precocious children: the appeal of instantly responsive, utterly submissive systems that can be gradually massaged toward perfection.

Though digital technology invites its creators into a world of absolute control, the computer market remains a place of frustrating chaos. Gates long ago adopted the strategy that made Microsoft's fortune: ship early with imperfect products, seize market share and then upgrade toward an acceptable level of performance. This drives engineers nuts, but it's sharp business, and it has kept the company on top of the software industry -- until now.










Conclusion and personal ideas:
William Henry Gates III, as you have read, is quite an incredible man. His intelligence and insight into the future, shows how "ahead of his time", he is. In almost all of our daily lives, (whether you know it or not), Gates has done something, influenced someone, invented some new software, that is relevant to what you do. Whether you are a news reporter, or a bagger at a grocery store, a high-tech attorney, or a low-tech gardener, it seems that not a day goes by, without some mention of technology, computers, or what's in store for us.
He is quite a pioneer in his field, and has brought a new realization to many, regarding the future. In fact, his 1995, best selling book, is titled: "The Road Ahead". This man has such power over our society, and our country, that his ideas are often met with resistance. Many people believe that it is terrible that someone with ideas and goals like his, should have so much power and say in our everyday life.
It is obvious to many that he tells the truth, when he talks about the future, and how he thinks it will be. Because with his economic stature, and powerful ideas, he will be able to change the world.
I believe he is one of the most magnificent men in our recent history, to be compared to Hitler, Rockefeller, Martin Luther King, and many other influential people. He has influenced me personally, just with the use of computers in our everyday lives, (more in mine that others), and the majority of our U.S. population. His presence in our economy, society, and life cannot be ignored, and I believe that this will become even more evident, as we move into the 21st century.

The MouseComputer

The Mouse
The computer mouse is a common pointing device, popularized by
its inclusion as standard equipment with the Apple Macintosh. With
the rise in popularity of graphical user interfaces in MS-DOS; UNIX,
and OS/2, use of mice is growing throughout the personal computer
and workstation worlds. The basic features of a mouse are a casing
with a flat bottom, designed to be gripped by one hand; one or more
buttons on the top; a multidirectional detection device (usually a ball)
on the bottom; and a cable connecting the mouse to the computer. By
moving the mouse on a surface (such as a desk), the user controls an
on-screen cursor. A mouse is a relative pointing device because there are
no defined limits to the mouse's movement and because its placement on
a surface does not map directly to a specific screen location. To select
items or choose commands on the screen, the user presses one of the
mouse's buttons, producing a "mouse click."

The Internet

Imagine talking about the latest elections with someone three thousand miles away without receiving a tremendous phone bill. Or sending a letter to a friend or relative and having it arrive one second later. How would it feel to know that any source of information is at your fingertips at the press of a button? All of these are possible and more with a system of networks all connected and sending information at light speed from place to place known as the Internet. This is a trend word for the nineties yet it has a background that spans all the way back to the sixties. The history of the Internet is a full one at that even though it has only been around for about 30 years. It has grown to be the greatest collection of networks in the world, its origins go back to 1962.

In 1962 the original idea for this great network of computers sprung forth from a question "How could U.S. authorities successfully communicate after a nuclear war?" The answer came from the Rand Corporation, America's foremost Cold War think-tank. Why not create a network of computers without one central main authoritative unit (Sterling 1) The Rand Corporation working along side the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) devised a plan. The network itself would be considered unreliable at all times; therefore it would never become too dependable and powerful. Each computer on the network or node would have its own authority to originate, pass, and receive messages. The name given to this network was the ARPANET.

To fully understand the ARPANET, an understanding of how a network works is needed. A network is a group of computers connected by a permanent cable or temporary phone line. The sole purpose of a network is to be able to communicate and send information electronically. The plan for the ARPANET was to have the messages themselves divided into packets, each packet separately addressed to be able to wind its way through the network on an individual basis. If one node was gone it would not matter, the message would find a way to another node.
The idea was kicked around by MIT, UCLA, and RAND during the sixties. After the British setup a test network of this type, ARPA decided to fund a larger project in the USA. The first university to receive a node called an Interface Message Processor for this network was UCLA around Labor Day, marking September 1, 1969 the birth date of the Internet as we know it today (Cerf 1). The next university was Stanford Research Institute (SRI) then UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and finally University of Utah (Cerf 1).

The original computers used to connect to the ARPANET were consider super computers of the time. Science Data Systems (SDS) Sigma 7 was the name of the original computer at UCLA (Cerf 1). Each one of the computers connected to each other at a speed of about 400,000 bytes per second or 400 kbps over a dedicated line, which was fast at the time. Originally they connected using a protocol, "Network Control Protocol", or NCP but as time passed and the technology advanced, NCP was superseded by the protocol used by most Internet users today TCP/IP (Sterling 2). TCP or Transmission Control Protocol converts the message into streams of packets at the source, then reassembles them back into messages at the destination. IP, or Internet Protocol handles the addressing, seeing to it that packets are routed across multiple nodes and even across multiple networks with multiple standards not only ARPA's. This protocol came into use around 1977 (Zakon 5).
In 1969 there existed 4 nodes, in 1971 there were 15, and in 1972 there were 37 nodes. This exponential growth has continued even today in 1996 there are about 5.3 million nodes connected to the Internet (Zakon 14). The number of people, however, is estimated because the number of people connected to any one network varies. The amount of content over the Internet is estimated at about 12,000,000 web pages. As the numbers grew and grew the military finally dropped out in 1983 and formed MILNET. The ARPANET also dawned a new name in 1989; it became known as the Internet.

The ARPANET was not the only network of this time. Companies had their own Local Area Network or LAN and Ethernet. LANs usually have one main server and several computers connected to that server, such as the computer lab at Prep. The server usually has a large hard drive and possibly share a printer. The computers connected to the server generally have a microprocessor and maybe a small hard drive. All the important software is shared from the server. An Ethernet on the other hand, is similar to a LAN but the connecting cable is large and enables other computers on the network to be up to 1000ft. away. The speed of an Ethernet is faster than a regular LAN its base speed is 10Mbps. To put this in perspective it is more than 300% more faster than a regular modem traveling at 28.8kbps. Each of these types of networks connected to the Internet through their own dedicated node.

There is no government regulating the Internet, it is anarchy in its greatest form. The Internet's "anarchy" may seem strange, but it makes a certain deep and basic sense. It's rather like the "anarchy" of the English language. Nobody rents or owns English. As an English-speaking person, it's up to you to learn how to speak English properly and use it however you want. Though many people earn their living from using, exploiting, and teaching English, "English" as an institution is public property. Much the same goes for the Internet. Would the English language be improved if there was an English Language Co.? There'd probably be far fewer new words in English, and fewer new ideas. People on the Internet feel the same way about their institution. It's an institution that resists institutionalization. The Internet belongs to everyone and no one (Sterling 4).




Our government and many others are attempting to regulate material on the Internet. The Telecommunications Act that passed about a year ago which included the Communication decency act (CDA), put a few rules not on the Internet but on the people who own computers connected to the Internet, such as child pornography. It is illegal to post on any website anywhere. This Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Other governments have tried to put limitations on the Internet and some have even succeeded. China requires users and ISPs to register with police. Germany cut off access to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe. This ban was lifted due to protest. Saudi Arabia confines Internet Access to universities and hospitals. Singapore requires political and religious content to register with the state. New Zealand classifies computer disks as "publications" that can be censored and seized (Zakon 14). On November 1 the New York state senate passed a bill which, barring a constitutional challenge, made speech that is "harmful to minors" punishable as a felony. Ann Beeson, chief cyberlitigator for the American Civil Liberty Union (ACLU), said "The law will show how nonsensical state regulation of the Internet is. It will affect online users not just in New York, but throughout the world. In addition to violating the First Amendment the law violates the commerce clause because it regulates the actions of the online community even wholly outside the state of New York." This trend is not only limited to New York. In 1995 and '96, 11 states passed laws that somehow censor speech on the Internet. They restrict everything from soliciting minors for online sex (North Carolina) to prohibiting college professors from using university-sponsored Internet resources to view sexually explicit material (Virginia). The ACLU has the Internet's biggest defense in cases such as the CDA.




With over 2 million servers connected to the Internet there is always something to do online. In fact this is a major problem for some people. They spend so much time in cyberspace they forget how to interact with other people, and their social skills deteriorate. A person like this is known as a net addict. A common question asked is "What is on the Internet that is so addicting?" One possible answer to this question is online a person can gain a false sense of reality. A person can be anyone they want to be online. This attraction alone is enough for a person to give up reality altogether. This statement can be debated, but if the choice had to be made between an ideal person or the regular person, which would be chosen more often?

One of the many attractions to the Internet is electronic mail (E-mail), faster by several orders of magnitude than the U.S. mail, which is known by Internet regulars as "snail-mail." Internet mail is like a fax, it is electronic text written then sent from the computer over the phone line to the Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP then routes the mail to its destination. One piece of e-mail may go over 1000 computers bouncing of each one before it reaches its destination. This process takes place all in a matter of seconds depending on your letters length and if you have a file attached. New forms of e-mail are being developed such as voice mail and video mail; both these exist and require special hardware and software. They also take longer to send and receive.

One of the first features on the ARPANET then Internet were discussion groups. These discussion groups or "newsgroups" as they are more commonly known, are a world of their own. This world of news, debate, and argument is generally known as USENET. The Internet and USENET are quite different. USENET is rather like an enormous billowing crowd of gossipy, news-hungry people, wandering in and through the Internet on their way to various private backyard barbecues (Sterling 4). At any moment or time there are over 28,000 separate newsgroups on USENET, and the discussions generate about 7 million words of typed commentary every single day (Sterling 4). All USENET newsgroups are organized by hierarchies and given prefix names such as: alt (alternative), rec (recreation), comp (computers), misc (miscellaneous), and soc (society). These were the top five newsgroup hierarchies in 1996 (Georgia 206). USENET is the focus of most of the censorship because this is were much of the pornography is view. It is uncontrollable because a newsgroup can be created at anytime with out regulation or supervision. 7.6% of all the newsgroups deal with adult oriented material. It may be a small number yet it has been blown out of proportion by media and the like.

The main use of the Internet is using a browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer to view web pages. The trendy word for this is "surfing" or for some people with slow connections, "crawling". To view a web page the user types in the desired address and then magically it appears on screen; This is the description most users give when asked to explain the Internet. Underneath that there are complex commands telling the computer what to send and receive, what data is given out and who is denied or accepted. The process begins with typing in the address the usual Http://www... and so on. The http stands for HyperText Tranfer Protocol which tells the computer which protocol to use over the World Wide Web (www). When the user enters an address such as http://www.microsoft.com it sends the request over the www to find Microsoft's web server. The .com section specifies that this is a commercial site; other suffixes include .edu (education), .mil (military), .gov (government) , and .net (external network). When the user accesses Microsoft's site they can explorer Microsoft's computer by clicking on hyperlinks which are links to other pages. When viewing specific sites they normally are labeled .htm or .html; these are acronyms for hypertext markup language which is the programming language in which most webpages are made. All these elements combined are what most people consider the Internet.


The Internet is so vast and huge, a person could spend 24 hours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year and more online and never see all of it. The amount of information on the Internet is over several trillion (tera) bytes. To put this into perspective that is over 600000 floppy disks. With all that information it is so easy to loose track of your target and waste time. Sometimes there is multiple tasks needed to be done and once an interesting site is found one hyperlink leads to another, one hour turns into three and the rest of the world is put on hold. Other times a blank screen can sit there and nothing can be thought of to visit or learn about. The Internet is great if a person has 3 or 4 hours to kill. One tip on how to limit time online is: download a timer that disconnects if a time limit has been passed. These programs usually know what day it is and allow only so much time online per day. Self discipline is another method to; train yourself to get up and leave. The consequence of being online for long periods of time is large access bill from the ISP.

Day by day the Internet grows. Some people are predicting a crash because of the excessive traffic online and the limited capabilities of the servers that are visited. AOL did crash for 15 hours several months ago and the question was raised "Can our servers handle the traffic?" The answer though is in the future. As the Internet progresses so does technology. Every 5 months newer computers are released and the computers released 5 months earlier go out of date. The technological forecast call for Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML) in the near future. This enables the user to explorer in 3D. Imagine walking through the Sistine chapel while sitting in an office in Spokane. Many ask "What does the future of the Internet hold?" the answer only time will tell.

Microsoft

* Get More Information About Windows 95 *

For more information about Microsoft Windows 95, take
a look at Microsoft's WinNews file sections, which can
be found on most major online services and networks.

On the Internet use ftp or the World-Wide-Web
(ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/PerOpSys/Win_News,
http://www.microsoft.com).

On The Microsoft Network, open Computers and
Software\Software Companies\Microsoft\Windows 95\
WinNews.

On CompuServe, type GO WINNEWS.

On Prodigy JUMP WINNEWS.

On America Online, use keyword WINNEWS.

On GEnie, download files from the WinNews area under
the Windows RTC.

NEW SERVICE: To receive regular biweekly updates on
the progress of Windows 95, subscribe to Microsoft's
WinNews Electronic Newsletter. These updates are
e-mailed directly to you, saving you the time and
trouble of checking our WinNews servers for updates.

To subscribe to the Electronic Newsletter, send
Internet e-mail to enews@microsoft.nwnet.com with
the words SUBSCRIBE WINNEWS as the only text in your
message.

How to make phones ring

The Samuri Presents


"Makin' Fones Ring"

Ok, this is easy. This is not realy phreaking, but still kind of
phun. This only works on Bell Atlantic fones and pay fones. All right,
to make a Bell Atlantic fone ring all you have to do is dial 811 then
the last four digits of the numer from which you are calling. You will
hear a dial tone as soon as you do this. Hang up for about 3 seconds
then pick up again, you will hear a strange tone. Hang up, in 5 seconds
the fone will ring. When someone picks up the fone they will hear the same
tone you just heard. When the fone is hung up again it will reset to normal.
You can do this with home fones AND pay fones. The phun part is IT WILL
KEEP RINGING UNTILL SOMEONE PICKS UP. You can do this with your own fone
and annoy your parrents or when you go over to someone's house. This is
phun to do at places with rows of pay fones, you can get them all to ring
at once.

----The

COMPUTERS

[System Detection: 02/14/96 - 17:08:21]
Parameters "f;q;g=3;s=net", InfParams "", Flags=01004a6f
SDMVer=0400.950, WinVer=0616030a, Build=00.00.0, WinFlags=00000419
LogCrash: crash log not found or invalid
Devices verified: 0
Checking for: Manual Devices
Checking for: Programmable Interrupt Controller
QueryIOMem: Caller=DETECTPIC, rcQuery=0
IO=20-21,a0-a1
Detected: *PNP0000\0000 = [1] Programmable interrupt controller
IO=20-21,a0-a1
IRQ=2
Checking for: Direct Memory Access Controller
QueryIOMem: Caller=DETECTDMA, rcQuery=0
IO=0-f,81-83,87-87,89-8b,8f-8f,c0-df
Detected: *PNP0200\0000 = [2] Direct memory access controller
IO=0-f,81-83,87-87,89-8b,8f-8f,c0-df
DMA=4
Checking for: System CMOS/Real Time Clock
QueryIOMem: Caller=DETECTCMOS, rcQuery=0
IO=70-71
Detected: *PNP0B00\0000 = [3] System CMOS/real time clock
IO=70-71
IRQ=8
Checking for: System Timer
QueryIOMem: Caller=DETECTTIMER, rcQuery=0
IO=40-43
Detected: *PNP0100\0000 = [4] System timer
IO=40-43
IRQ=0
Checking for:

A short history of computers

Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you try you can get away from them you can't. It is inevitable.
Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old. It is about 2000 years old .1 The first computer was the abacus. This invention was constructed of wood, two wires, and beads. It was a wooden rack with the two wires strung across it horizontally and the beads were strung across the wires. This was used for normal arithmetic uses. These type of computers are considered analog computers. Another analog computer was the circular slide rule. This was invented in 1621 by William Oughtred who was an English mathematician. This slid ruler was a mechanical device made of two rules, one sliding inside the other, and marked with many number scales. This slide ruler could do such calculations as division, multiplication, roots, and logarithms.
Soon after came some more advanced computers. In 1642 came Blaise Pascal's computer, the Pascaline. It was considered to be the first automatic calculator. It consisted of gears and interlocking cogs. It was so that you entered the numbers with dials. It was originally made for his father, a tax collector.2 Then he went on to build 50 more of these Pascaline's, but clerks would not uses them.3 They did this in fear that they would loose their jobs.4
Soon after there were many similar inventions. There was the Leibniz wheel that was invented by Gottfried Leibniz. It got its name because of the way it was designed with a cylinder with stepped teeth. 5 This did the same functions of the other computers of its time.
Computers, such as the Leibniz wheel and the Pascaline, were not used widely until the invention made by Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A Charles Xavier Thomas).6 It was the first successful mechanical calculator that could do all the normal arithmetic functions. This type of calculator was improved by many other inventors so it could do a number of many other things by 1890. The improvements were they could collect partial results, a memory function (could store information), and output information to a printer. These improvement were made for commercial uses mainly, and also required manual installation.
Around 1812 in Cambridge, England, new advancements in computers was made by Charles Babbage. His idea was that long calculations could be done in a series of steps the were repeated over many times.7 Ten years later in 1822 he had a working model and in 1823 he had fabrication of his invention. He had called his invention the Difference Engine.
In 1833 he had stopped working on his Difference Engine because he had another idea. It was to Build a Analytical Engine. This would have been a the first digital computer that would be full program controlled. His invention was to do all the general- purposes of modern computers. This computer was to use punch cards for storage, steam power, and operated by one person.8 This computer was never finished for many reasons. Some of the reasons were not having precision mechanics and could solve problems not needed to be solved at that time.9 After Babbage's computer people lost interest in this type of inventions.10 Eventually inventions afterwards would cause a demand for calculations capability that computers like Babbage's would capable of doing.
In 1890 an new era of business computing had evolved. This was a development in punch card use to make a step towards automated computing, which was first used in 1890 by Herman Holler. Because of this human error was reduced dramatically.11 Punch Cards could hold 80 charters per card and the machines could process about 50 -220 cards a minuet. This was a means of easily accessible me memory of unlimited size.12 In 1896 Hollerith had founded his company Tabulating Machine Company, but later in 1924 after several mergers and take-overs International Business Machines (IBM) was formed.
An invention during this time ,1906, would influence the way that computers were built in the future, it is the first vacuum, and a paper was wrote by Alan Turingthat described a hypothetical digital computer.13
In 1939 there was the first true digital computer. It was called the ABC, and was designed by Dr. John Astanasoff.
In 1942 John O. Eckert, John W. Mauchly, and associates had decided to build a high speed computer. The computer they were to build would become to be known as the ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integration And Calculator). The reason for building this was there was a demand for high computer capacity at the beginning of World War two.
The ENIAC after being built would take up 1,800 square feet of floor space.14 It would consist of 18,000 vacuum tubes, and would take up 180,000 watts of power.15 The ENIAC was rated to be 1000 times faster than any other previous computer. The ENIAC was accepted as the first successful high speed computer, and was used from 1946 to 1955.16
Around the same time there was a new computer built was more popular. It was more popular because it not only had the ability to do calculations but it could also could do the dissension make power of the human brain. When it was finished in 1950 it became the fastest computer in the world.17 It was built by the National Bureau of standards on the campus of UCLA. It was names the National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer or the SWAC. It could be said that the SWAC set the standards for computers for later up to present times.18 It was because the had all the same primary units. It had a storage device, a internal clock, an input output device, and arithmetic logic unit that consisting of a control and arithmetic unit.
These computers were considered first generation computers (1942 - 1958).
In 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley of Bell labs file for the firs patent on the transistor.19 This invention would foundation for second generation computers (1958 - 1964).
Computers of the second generation were smaller(about the size of a piano now) and much more quicker because of the new inventions of its time. Computers used the much smaller transistor over the bulky vacuum tubes. Another invention which influenced second generation computers and every generation after it was the discovery of magnetic core memory. Now magnetic tapes and disks were used to store programs instead of being stored in the computer. This way the computer could be used for many operations without totally being reprogrammed or rewired to do another task. All you had to do was pop in another disk.
The third generation(1964 - 1970) was when computers were commercialized then ever before. This was because they were getting smaller and more dependable.20 Also the cost went down and power requirements were less.21 This was probably because of the invention of the silicon semiconductor. These computers were used in mainly medical places and libraries for keep track of records and various other reasons. These computer of the third generation were the first micro computers.
The generation of computers we are in now is the forth generation it started in 1970. The forth generation really started with an idea by Ted Hoff, an employ of Intel, that all the processing units of a computer could be placed on one single chip. This Idea that he had was not bought by many people.22 I believe that with out this idea upgradeable computers would never have been designed. Today, every thing has a microprocessor built into it.23
The microcomputer was changed forever in 1976 when Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had sold a Volkswagen and a calculator for $1300 to build the first Apple.24 The work the did was in their garage. They Had founded their company 1983, and had successfully mad the fortune 500 list.25
Two years before Apple was founded IBM had announced the release of the IBM PC. Over the next 18 months the IBM would become an industry standard.26
From the 1980 on there was a was a large demand for microcomputers Suck as the IBM PC and Apple not only in industry but in the homes of many people. Many other computers appeared during the 80's. Some were the Commodore, Tandy, Atari, and game systems such as the nintendo and many others. There was aslo a large demand for computer games for the home PC. Because of these many demands many companies were getting very competitive. They were pushing for the faster better computer. Buy the late 80's because of this demand microprocessors could handle 32 bits of data at a time pushing over 4 million instructions processed a second.27
It seem as if over time computers have evolved in to totally different machines but if you put it in to perspective they are also much alike. But on the other hand With almost every business and many families today are in demand of better and newer computers it seems that if you buy a new computer today industry had made it obsolete before you it. This is probably because the better you make a computer and quicker it can do calculations the quicker it can help you in designing an new computer that is even faster. It is a domino effect that was started back 2000 years ago and will probably never end. Who knows what's in store for the future or you could say the fifth generation of computers.


1. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer.Compatible, http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 1
2. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg.
3. Hale, Andy. History of Computers. Http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comphist.htm, IBM Compatible. 1995-96. Internet. Andy_Hale@ncsu.edu . pg. 1
4. Hale, Andy. History of Computers. Http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comphist.htm, IBM Compatible. 1995-96. Internet. Andy_Hale@ncsu.edu . pg. 1
5. Hale, Andy. History of Computers. Http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comphist.htm, IBM Compatible. 1995-96. Internet. Andy_Hale@ncsu.edu . pg. 1
6. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 1
7. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 2
8. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 3
9. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 3
10. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 3
11. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 3
12. Hale, Andy. History of Computers. Http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comphist.htm, IBM Compatible. 1995-96. Internet. Andy_Hale@ncsu.edu . pg. 2
13. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 4
14. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 4
15. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 4
16. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 5
17. Rutland, David. Why Computers Are Computers. New York: Waren Publishers, 1996 p. 2
18. Rutland, David. Why Computers Are Computers. New York: Waren Publishers, 1996 p. 2
19. Polsson, Ken. Chronology of Events in the History of Micro Computer. http://www.islandnet.com/kpolsson/comphist.htm, IBM Compatible, Internet. 1995-96 Ken.polsson@bbc.org . pg. 3
20. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
21. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
22. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
23. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
24. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
25. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
26. Meyers, Jeremy. A Short History of the Computer. http://www.lightning.net/~softlord/comp.html, IBM Compatible, Internet, sotflord@lightning.net pg. 6
27. Hale, Andy. History of Computers. Http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comphist.htm, IBM Compatible. 1995-96. Internet. Andy_Hale@ncsu.edu . pg. 8

A Multifacited Interface

--------------------------------------------------------
Microsoft Windows 95 README for Microsoft Windows
August l995
--------------------------------------------------------
(c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1995


------------------------
HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT
------------------------

To view Readme.txt on screen in Notepad, maximize the Notepad window.

To print Readme.txt, open it in Notepad or another word processor,
then use the Print command on the File menu.


--------
CONTENTS
--------

IF YOU HAVEN'T INSTALLED WINDOWS 95
LIST OF WINDOWS 95 README FILES
HOW TO READ README FILES
UNINSTALLING WINDOWS 95
--------


IF YOU HAVEN'T INSTALLED WINDOWS 95
===================================

Additional setup information is available in Setup.txt. You can view
Setup.txt using Notepad with Windows 3.1. You can find the file on
Windows 95 installation disk 1. If you purchased Windows 95 on a CD-ROM,
you can find Setup.txt in the \Win95 directory.


LIST OF WINDOWS 95 README FILES
===============================
In addition to Readme.txt, Windows 95 provides the following readme
files:

Config.txt Contains syntax information for commands you use
with your Config.sys file.

Display.txt Provides information about how to configure
and correct problems for available drivers
and how to obtain additional display drivers.

Exchange.txt Provides information to help you set up and
run Microsoft Exchange.

Extra.txt Provides information about where to find
additional Windows 95 files, such as updates
and drivers, in addition to files available
only in the CD-ROM version of Windows 95.

Faq.txt Answers frequently asked questions about
Windows 95.

General.txt Provides information about startup problems,
the programs that come with Windows 95, disk
tools, disks and CDs, drivers, removable media,
Microsoft FAX, and pen services.

This file also contains last-minute information
received too late to include in the other readme
files. For example, if you have a question about
a printer, it would be helpful to look in
General.txt as well as in Printers.txt.

Hardware.txt Provides information about known problems and
workarounds for hardware. You may also need
to refer to Printers.txt or Mouse.txt for
specific problems.

Internet.txt Provides information to help you connect to
the Internet if you haven't done so already.
Also provides information about where to
download Microsoft's new Web browser,
Internet Explorer.

Mouse.txt Provides information about known problems
and workarounds specifically for mouse and
keyboard problems.

Msdosdrv.txt Contains syntax information for MS-DOS
device drivers. For additional help on MS-DOS
commands, see Config.txt. You can also use
command-line help at the command prompt by
typing /? following the command name.

Msn.txt Provides information to help you connect to
The Microsoft Network.

Network.txt Provides information about installing and
running network servers.

Printers.txt Provides information about known problems
and workarounds for printers.

Programs.txt Provides information and workarounds for
running some specific Windows-based and
MS-DOS-based programs with Windows 95.

Support.txt Provides Information about how to get
additional support for Windows 95.

Tips.txt Contains an assortment of tips and tricks
for using Windows 95, most of which are not
documented in online Help or the printed book.


HOW TO READ README FILES
========================

When you install Windows 95, all the readme files are copied to the
\Windows directory.

To open a readme file after you install Windows 95:
1. Click the Start menu.
2. Click Run.
3. Type the name of the readme file.

Even if you haven't installed Windows 95 yet, you can still open a
readme file.

To open a readme file before you install Windows 95:

If you purchased Windows 95 on floppy disks:
--------------------------------------------
1. Insert Disk 1 into drive A (or whatever drive you prefer).
2. At the MS-DOS command prompt, type the following:

a:extract.exe /a /l c:\windows win95_02.cab filename.txt

For example, if you want to open General.txt, you would type:

a:extract.exe /a /l c:\windows win95_02.cab general.txt

3. Change to the \Windows directory.
4. At the command prompt, type the following:

edit filename.txt

If you purchased Windows 95 on a CD-ROM:
----------------------------------------
1. Insert the CD into your CD-ROM drive (drive x in this example).
2. Change to the \Win95 directory on your CD-ROM drive.
2. At the MS-DOS command prompt, type the following:

extract.exe /a /l c:\windows win95_02.cab filename.txt

For example, if you want to open General.txt, you would type:

extract.exe /a /l c:\windows win95_02.cab general.txt

3. Change to the Windows directory on your C drive.
4. At the command prompt, type the following:

edit filename.txt


UNINSTALLING WINDOWS 95
=======================

During Setup, you have the option of saving your system files so
that you can uninstall Windows 95 later. If you want to be able to
uninstall Windows 95 later, choose Yes. Setup will save your system
files in a hidden, compressed file. If you don't need to be able to
uninstall Windows 95 later, choose No.

You will not see this Setup option if:
- You are upgrading over an earlier version of Windows 95.
- You are installing to a new directory.
- You are running a version of MS-DOS earlier than 5.0.

NOTE:The uninstall files must be saved on a local hard drive. You
can't save them to a network drive or a floppy disk. If you have
multiple local drives, you will be able to select the one you want
to save the uninstall information on.

To uninstall Windows 95 and completely restore your computer to its
previous versions of MS-DOS and Windows 3.x, carry out the following
procedure:

1. Click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click
Control Panel.
2. Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon.
3. On the Install/Uninstall tab, click Windows 95, and then click
Remove.

Or, if you are having problems starting Windows 95, use your startup
disk to start your computer, and then run UNINSTAL from the startup
disk.

NOTE: The uninstall program needs to shut down Windows 95. If there is
a problem with this on your computer, restart your computer and press
F8 when you see the message "Starting Windows 95." Then choose Command
Prompt Only, and run UNINSTAL from the command prompt.

If Windows 95 is running and you want to remove the uninstall files to
free up 6 to 9 MB of disk space, carry out the following procedure:

1. Click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click
Control Panel.
2. Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon.
3. On the Install/Uninstall tab, click Old Windows 3.x/MS-DOS System
Files, and then click Remove.

You will no longer be able to uninstall Windows 95.